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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:red'>HOW DO YOU CALCULATE OSMOLALITY?</span></b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>The
osmolality of solutions can be calculated from the following equation:</span></b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><span class=GramE><b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:red'>osmolality</span></b></span><b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:red'> = SUM OF ALL (molality x n x </span></b><b><span
style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:red'>f</span></b><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:red'>) OF EACH SOLUTE</span></b><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><br>
n: <i>number of particles that dissociated from the solute molecule.</i><br>
</span></b><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>f</span></b><b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>:<i> osmotic coefficient of the solute </i></span></b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Osmolality
is not used very often in physiology. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>More
information on the osmotic coefficient are given in the chapter on <a
href="pl01i.htm"><span class=SpellE>Osmolarity</span></a></span></b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> </span></p>

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